Category
132 profiles
24 profiles of this category are not translated yet: see the French page.
Sort: by name · by number of controversies
Politics and governmentAuthoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocities
Documented profile covering 9 controversies, including “Lawsuit against Özgür Özel over Ergenekon/Balyoz criticism: damages claim ultimately dismissed by Court of Cassation” and “Daughter's transfer to medical school: favouritism allegations and Akar's public defence”.
9 controversies · 17 sources
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocities
Documented profile covering 20 controversies, including “2024–2026: Disappearance and forced conscription of investigative journalist Serge Oulon” and “September 2025–July 2026: Withdrawal from International Criminal Court announced and formalised”.
20 controversies · 17 sources
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocities
Documented profile covering 15 controversies, including “1979–2003: Protected exile and death without facing justice for his regime's crimes” and “1971–1979: State terror, torture, disappearances and large-scale massacres”.
15 controversies · 4 sources
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocities
Documented profile covering 14 controversies, including “2006–2008: attempt at partial posthumous review of conviction ultimately rejected by High Court” and “1946: convicted of war crimes and executed”.
14 controversies · 9 sources1 conviction1 formal charge
Politics and governmentAuthoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocities
Documented profile covering 10 controversies, including “1993–2026: Presidential rule without national elections and 1997 Constitution never implemented” and “1994 onwards: Withdrawal of Jehovah's Witnesses' civil rights and enduring religious persecution”.
10 controversies · 12 sources
Politics and governmentAuthoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocities
Documented profile covering 8 controversies, including “July 1941: Leading role in founding LVF and personal enlistment in German uniform” and “1943–1944: PPF gangs involved in repression alongside the SS and Gestapo”.
8 controversies · 9 sources
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocitiesPolitics and government
Documented profile covering 8 controversies, including “1987: sentenced to death for murders and embezzlement of public funds — acquitted of cannibalism and several other charges” and “1979–1981: 'Diamond Affair' and suspicions of valuable gifts to Valéry Giscard d'Estaing”.
8 controversies · 13 sources1 conviction1 formal charge
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocitiesPolitics and government
Documented profile covering 11 controversies, including “February 2014: appellate court restores possibility of prosecution for crimes against humanity” and “October 2014: death before any final trial over regime's crimes”.
11 controversies · 9 sources1 formal charge
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocitiesPolitics and government
Documented profile covering 9 controversies, including “1944–1946: involvement in unlawful killing plans, then convicted on all four counts and executed” and “1938–1945: Nazification of Foreign Ministry and growing involvement in anti-Jewish persecution”.
9 controversies · 6 sources1 conviction1 formal charge
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocities
Documented profile covering 13 controversies, including “1998–2002: Renewed war, forced displacement and further recruitment of children” and “1996–2000: Financing war through diamonds and systematic evasion of UN sanctions”.
13 controversies · 11 sources
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocities
Documented profile covering 8 controversies, including “2001–2013: Operation Condor proceedings — unlawful association, illegal arrests and torture” and “1976–2012: systematic plan to appropriate babies born in captivity — 50-year sentence”.
8 controversies · 9 sources3 convictions3 formal charges
Politics and governmentAuthoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocities
Documented profile covering 10 controversies, including “2011–2017: Repression of demonstrations, journalists and critical activists” and “2000s–2010s: Opaque oil revenues, corruption and enrichment of family elite”.
10 controversies · 9 sources
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocitiesScience, medicine and health
Documented profile covering 8 controversies, including “1949–1992: flight to Argentina, Paraguay and Brazil, death in 1979, exhumation in 1985 and DNA confirmation in 1992 without ever standing trial” and “1945–1949: released by US army under false identity, then hidden in Germany with family's help”.
8 controversies · 2 sources
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocities
Documented profile covering 7 controversies, including “September 1944: Retreat to Sigmaringen and integration of Milice members into SS Charlemagne Division” and “October 1945: Sentenced to death for collaboration with the enemy and executed”.
7 controversies · 6 sources1 conviction1 formal charge
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocitiesPolitics and government
Documented profile covering 10 controversies, including “1933: Propaganda Ministry takes control of media, cinema, radio and cultural life” and “1939–1945: war propaganda justifying aggression, antisemitism and war of annihilation”.
10 controversies · 7 sources
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocitiesPolitics and government
Documented profile covering 20 controversies, including “1930–1953: expansion of Gulag and widespread use of forced labour” and “1948–1953: campaign against "cosmopolitanism" and intensification of state antisemitism”.
20 controversies · 8 sources
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocitiesPolitics and government
Documented profile covering 8 controversies, including “1974: Constitution grants Tito presidency without term limit” and “1971–1972: Croatian Spring — purge of approximately 800 officials after Tito's direct intervention”.
8 controversies · 12 sources
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocitiesPolitics and government
Documented profile covering 9 controversies, including “1944–1947: Remains in power after uprising, flees, is captured, convicted of treason/collaboration and executed” and “1939–1944: Consolidation of an authoritarian dominant-party state with Tiso at top of political hierarchy”.
9 controversies · 7 sources1 conviction1 formal charge
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocities
Documented profile covering 8 controversies, including “1946: acquitted of conspiracy but sentenced to death for crimes against humanity linked to antisemitic incitement” and “1923–1945: founding and publication of Der Stürmer, vehicle for virulent, sexualised antisemitic propaganda”.
8 controversies · 4 sources1 conviction1 formal charge
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocities
Documented profile covering 13 controversies, including “2017: commemoration of his birth using Ustaše salute — organisers prosecuted” and “2000–2004: monument glorifying Francetić erected in Slunj, then removed by Croatian government”.
13 controversies · 5 sources1 conviction1 formal charge
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocitiesPolitics and government
Documented profile covering 10 controversies, including “1946: sentenced to ten years for crimes against peace and war crimes, acquitted of conspiracy” and “February 1945: discussion of possible denunciation of Geneva Convention and wording about measures taken “without warning””.
10 controversies · 6 sources1 conviction1 formal charge
Politics and governmentAuthoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocities
Documented profile covering 15 controversies, including “2023–2026: Large-scale deliveries of shells and missiles to Russia for war against Ukraine” and “2024–2026: Thousands of North Korean troops deployed alongside Russia”.
15 controversies · 12 sources
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocities
Documented profile covering 9 controversies, including “1983–1987: first major French crimes against humanity trial, convicted of 17 crimes and sentenced to life imprisonment” and “1972–1983: publicly identified in Bolivia, French extradition requests long blocked before removal to France”.
9 controversies · 7 sources1 conviction1 formal charge
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocities
Documented profile covering 7 controversies, including “1941: command of Leningrad sector marked by major retreats before replacement” and “1939–1940: severe Soviet difficulties during Winter War and replacement as Defence Commissar”.
7 controversies · 9 sources
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocities
Documented profile covering 8 controversies, including “1984–1985: maintenance of conservative policy but cautious resumption of East–West contacts” and “December 1984–February 1985: lengthy absences, secrecy surrounding health and apparently staged voting appearance”.
8 controversies · 5 sources
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocitiesPolitics and government
Documented profile covering 8 controversies, including “Nuremberg: guilty on all four counts, 15 years' imprisonment, release due to illness” and “Introduction of antisemitic policies and political repression in Protectorate”.
8 controversies · 5 sources1 conviction1 formal charge
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocitiesPolitics and government
Documented profile covering 7 controversies, including “1997–2001: Unfulfilled democratisation promises and no competitive national election before assassination” and “May 1997–1998: Suspension of political party activities and authoritarian concentration of power”.
7 controversies · 6 sources
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocitiesJustice, police and intelligence
Documented profile covering 12 controversies, including “1953: mass amnesty initiated by Beria, excluding most political prisoners serving long sentences” and “1953: dismantling of the “Doctors' Plot” and official acknowledgement that the case was fabricated”.
12 controversies · 9 sources1 conviction1 formal charge
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocitiesPolitics and government
Documented profile covering 11 controversies, including “1957–1961: participation in “Anti-Party Group”, removal from leadership and expulsion from party” and “1947: return to leadership of party in Ukraine for renewed “pacification” campaign”.
11 controversies · 11 sources
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocitiesPolitics and government
Documented profile covering 11 controversies, including “1970s: nepotism and rapid promotion of son-in-law Yuri Churbanov” and “1976–1982: repression of Moscow Helsinki Group despite Helsinki commitments”.
11 controversies · 10 sources
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocities
Documented profile covering 6 controversies, including “1979–2003: disappearance of Montoneros members under First Army Corps — Galtieri arrested in 2002” and “1982–1989: Rattenbach Report and military conviction for negligence in the war, followed by presidential pardon”.
6 controversies · 7 sources1 conviction2 formal charges
Politics and governmentAuthoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocities
Documented profile covering 16 controversies, including “2026: Authoritarian consolidation — restricted opposition and Masra remains imprisoned” and “May 2024: Celebratory gunfire after results kills at least nine to eleven; subsequent lack of justice”.
16 controversies · 17 sources
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocitiesPolitics and government
Documented profile covering 14 controversies, including “2011: extradited to Panama to serve several sentences, particularly for murders and human rights violations” and “1992–2010: prisoner-of-war status and litigation over extradition to France”.
14 controversies · 8 sources3 convictions3 formal charges
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocitiesPolitics and government
Documented profile covering 19 controversies, including “1966–1976: personality cult, Little Red Book and suppression of intellectual diversity” and “1971: Lin Biao crisis — former designated successor accused of coup following death in plane crash”.
19 controversies · 15 sources
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocitiesPolitics and government
Documented profile covering 8 controversies, including “August 1944–1955: Sigmaringen, flight to Italy under false name and death sentence in absentia” and “1940: Political control of L’Œuvre and active propaganda in support of Germany”.
8 controversies · 5 sources1 conviction1 formal charge
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocitiesPolitics and government
Documented profile covering 11 controversies, including “1945–1998: death fleeing Berlin, trial in absentia, conviction on counts 3 and 4, followed by DNA identification of remains” and “1944–1945: political and organisational leadership of Volkssturm and continuation of final mobilisation”.
11 controversies · 6 sources1 conviction1 formal charge
Politics and governmentAuthoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocities
Documented profile covering 12 controversies, including “2009: Broadly worded counter-terrorism law used against journalists and opponents” and “2010–2012: Victory with 99.6% of seats, shrinking political space and convictions of journalists”.
12 controversies · 15 sources
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocities
Documented profile covering 10 controversies, including “2007–2008: Life imprisonment followed by death sentence on appeal, unenforced because of exile” and “1994–2006: Trial in absentia for genocide, crimes against humanity and other Derg crimes”.
10 controversies · 9 sources1 conviction1 formal charge
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocitiesPolitics and government
Documented profile covering 10 controversies, including “Arrest following overthrow of Antonescu regime and trial before People's Tribunal” and “Death sentence and execution at Jilava”.
10 controversies · 8 sources1 conviction1 formal charge
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocities
Documented profile covering 8 controversies, including “1957–1988: posthumous legal and political rehabilitation confirming invalidity of 1937 charges” and “May–June 1937: arrest, secret treason trial and execution at beginning of Red Army purge”.
8 controversies · 9 sources1 formal charge
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocitiesPolitics and government
Documented profile covering 13 controversies, including “1941–1944: Jewish forced-labour service and tens of thousands of deaths” and “January 1942: Novi Sad massacre by Hungarian forces; regime subsequently investigates and prosecutes officers”.
13 controversies · 11 sources
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocitiesPolitics and government
Documented profile covering 10 controversies, including “2008–2019: Posthumous rehabilitation application definitively rejected by Serbian courts” and “January–February 1946: Handed over to Yugoslav authorities, questioned over collaboration and dies in custody before trial”.
10 controversies · 7 sources
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocitiesPolitics and government
Documented profile covering 13 controversies, including “1990–1997: democratisation announced but transition blocked, competing governments and presidential power preserved” and “1991 and 1993: military mutinies, looting and violence within deliberately underfunded army system”.
13 controversies · 13 sources
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocities
Documented profile covering 14 controversies, including “1970s–2011: Longstanding suppression of political, trade union, association and expression freedoms” and “February 2011: Policy of lethal repression against civilian protests — ICC warrant for murder and persecution”.
14 controversies · 11 sources1 formal charge
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocitiesPolitics and government
Documented profile covering 18 controversies, including “1806–1814: Continental System, economic coercion and severe effects on European economies” and “1808–1814: Abdications of Bayonne, installation of Joseph Bonaparte and Peninsular War”.
18 controversies · 12 sources
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocitiesPolitics and government
Documented profile covering 8 controversies, including “Exile, internment and arrests in Romania, Poland and Danzig” and “Insurgent warfare: territorial control, raids and clashes with multiple armies”.
8 controversies · 7 sources1 conviction2 formal charges
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocities
Documented profile covering 16 controversies, including “1966: Decree 770 — near-total abortion ban in pursuit of coercive pronatalist policy” and “1970s–1989: reproductive surveillance, contraceptive restrictions and health consequences of clandestine abortions”.
16 controversies · 14 sources1 conviction1 formal charge
Politics and governmentAuthoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocities
Documented profile covering 16 controversies, including “1956: de-Stalinisation, mass releases and rehabilitations” and “1958–1964: extensive anti-religious campaign, closures and restrictions targeting religious communities”.
16 controversies · 18 sources
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