Category
132 profiles
24 profiles of this category are not translated yet: see the French page.
Sort: by name · by number of controversies
Politics and governmentAuthoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocities
Documented profile covering 27 controversies, including “2020-2026: dismantling of civil society and media, and continued large-scale system of political imprisonment” and “2022-present: territorial, logistical and military support for Russia's invasion of Ukraine”.
27 controversies · 52 sources
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocitiesPolitics and government
Documented profile covering 26 controversies, including “2007–2026: Secret al-Kibar nuclear reactor destroyed by Israel, followed by IAEA non-cooperation dispute” and “2026: First Syrian conviction of Assad — death sentence in absentia for murder, torture, arbitrary arrests and crimes against humanity”.
26 controversies · 23 sources1 conviction2 formal charges
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocities
Documented profile covering 21 controversies, including “May–1 June 1962: appeal dismissed, remedies exhausted and execution by hanging” and “1961: Jerusalem trial on 15 counts, including crimes against Jewish people, crimes against humanity and war crimes”.
21 controversies · 7 sources1 conviction1 formal charge
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocities
Documented profile covering 21 controversies, including “1939–1945: expansion of Waffen-SS and involvement of SS units in war crimes and massacres” and “1944–1945: camp evacuations and death marches under SS authority”.
21 controversies · 13 sources
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocities
Documented profile covering 20 controversies, including “2024–2026: Disappearance and forced conscription of investigative journalist Serge Oulon” and “September 2025–July 2026: Withdrawal from International Criminal Court announced and formalised”.
20 controversies · 17 sources
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocitiesPolitics and government
Documented profile covering 20 controversies, including “1930–1953: expansion of Gulag and widespread use of forced labour” and “1948–1953: campaign against "cosmopolitanism" and intensification of state antisemitism”.
20 controversies · 8 sources
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocities
Documented profile covering 19 controversies, including “1933–1945: forced eugenic sterilisation of hundreds of thousands” and “1939–1945: Aktion T4 programme — organised killing of people with disabilities”.
19 controversies · 18 sources1 conviction1 formal charge
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocitiesPolitics and government
Documented profile covering 19 controversies, including “1966–1976: personality cult, Little Red Book and suppression of intellectual diversity” and “1971: Lin Biao crisis — former designated successor accused of coup following death in plane crash”.
19 controversies · 15 sources
Politics and governmentAuthoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocities
Documented profile covering 19 controversies, including “2024: renewed call for collective punishment of families after Dagestan attacks” and “2023: assault on Elena Milashina and lawyer Alexander Nemov in Grozny”.
19 controversies · 17 sources
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocitiesPolitics and government
Documented profile covering 19 controversies, including “2005–2006: Dujail trial, death sentence upheld and hanging; major criticism of trial fairness” and “2006: Charged with genocide in Anfal trial, but proceedings against him ended following execution”.
19 controversies · 16 sources1 conviction2 formal charges
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocities
Documented profile covering 18 controversies, including “2 March 2001–2022: sentenced to life in absentia, uncertain death and eventual closure of search” and “1950s–1990s: prolonged refuge in Damascus and repeated failures to secure extradition”.
18 controversies · 7 sources2 convictions2 formal charges
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocitiesPolitics and government
Documented profile covering 18 controversies, including “1806–1814: Continental System, economic coercion and severe effects on European economies” and “1808–1814: Abdications of Bayonne, installation of Joseph Bonaparte and Peninsular War”.
18 controversies · 12 sources
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocitiesPolitics and government
Documented profile covering 17 controversies, including “1943–1945: Italian Social Republic of Salò and collaboration in persecution of Jews under German occupation” and “1926–1930s: Political police, internment, special courts, censorship and repression of opposition”.
17 controversies · 8 sources
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocitiesPolitics and government
Documented profile covering 17 controversies, including “1940s–1985: systemic repression through Sigurimi, prisons, forced labour and internal exile” and “1940s–1980s: collective punishment of fugitives' and 'enemies'' families through administrative internment”.
17 controversies · 7 sources
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocities
Documented profile covering 16 controversies, including “2025–2026: Wagner replaced by Africa Corps while serious abuses continue amid intensifying war” and “2024–2025: Further atrocities attributed to army and Wagner, particularly against Fulani civilians”.
16 controversies · 19 sources
Politics and governmentAuthoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocities
Documented profile covering 16 controversies, including “2026: Authoritarian consolidation — restricted opposition and Masra remains imprisoned” and “May 2024: Celebratory gunfire after results kills at least nine to eleven; subsequent lack of justice”.
16 controversies · 17 sources
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocities
Documented profile covering 16 controversies, including “1966: Decree 770 — near-total abortion ban in pursuit of coercive pronatalist policy” and “1970s–1989: reproductive surveillance, contraceptive restrictions and health consequences of clandestine abortions”.
16 controversies · 14 sources1 conviction1 formal charge
Politics and governmentAuthoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocities
Documented profile covering 16 controversies, including “1956: de-Stalinisation, mass releases and rehabilitations” and “1958–1964: extensive anti-religious campaign, closures and restrictions targeting religious communities”.
16 controversies · 18 sources
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocities
Documented profile covering 15 controversies, including “2015: judicial rehabilitation in Serbia — 1946 conviction annulled without ruling on historical war crimes” and “1946: arrest followed by political and criminal trial for treason and war crimes”.
15 controversies · 8 sources1 formal charge
Politics and governmentAuthoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocities
Documented profile covering 15 controversies, including “2022–2024: Iranian military support for Russia and widespread use of Iranian-designed drones in Ukraine” and “2021–2024: Accelerated nuclear enrichment and accumulation of near-weapons-grade uranium”.
15 controversies · 11 sources
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocities
Documented profile covering 15 controversies, including “1939–1975: Authoritarian dictatorship, prohibition or neutralisation of opposition and political control” and “1939–1975: Censorship of press, arts and public expression”.
15 controversies · 10 sources
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocities
Documented profile covering 15 controversies, including “1979–2003: Protected exile and death without facing justice for his regime's crimes” and “1971–1979: State terror, torture, disappearances and large-scale massacres”.
15 controversies · 4 sources
Politics and governmentAuthoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocities
Documented profile covering 15 controversies, including “2023–2026: Large-scale deliveries of shells and missiles to Russia for war against Ukraine” and “2024–2026: Thousands of North Korean troops deployed alongside Russia”.
15 controversies · 12 sources
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocitiesPolitics and government
Documented profile covering 15 controversies, including “1997–1998: Arrested by Ta Mok faction, subjected to internal 'trial' and dies before international proceedings” and “1997: Orders killing of Son Sen, his wife Yun Yat and numerous members of their family”.
15 controversies · 10 sources1 conviction1 formal charge
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocitiesPolitics and government
Documented profile covering 15 controversies, including “1982–1983: anti-corruption campaign and selective purge of Brezhnev-era networks” and “January 1983: raids against absenteeism in cinemas, public baths, shops and other premises”.
15 controversies · 12 sources
Politics and governmentAuthoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocities
Documented profile covering 14 controversies, including “2011: Mousavi, Karroubi and Rahnavard placed under house arrest without trial, reportedly approved in advance by Khamenei” and “2026: New wave of economic protests — Khamenei promises to 'put rioters in their place'”.
14 controversies · 14 sources
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocities
Documented profile covering 14 controversies, including “2006–2008: attempt at partial posthumous review of conviction ultimately rejected by High Court” and “1946: convicted of war crimes and executed”.
14 controversies · 9 sources1 conviction1 formal charge
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocitiesPolitics and government
Documented profile covering 14 controversies, including “2011: extradited to Panama to serve several sentences, particularly for murders and human rights violations” and “1992–2010: prisoner-of-war status and litigation over extradition to France”.
14 controversies · 8 sources3 convictions3 formal charges
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocities
Documented profile covering 14 controversies, including “1970s–2011: Longstanding suppression of political, trade union, association and expression freedoms” and “February 2011: Policy of lethal repression against civilian protests — ICC warrant for murder and persecution”.
14 controversies · 11 sources1 formal charge
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocitiesBusiness and billionaires
Documented profile covering 14 controversies, including “2023: US designates Wagner a significant transnational criminal organisation” and “2023: gold and diamond network in Central African Republic used to finance Wagner”.
14 controversies · 16 sources1 formal charge
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocities
Documented profile covering 13 controversies, including “2003: Indicted by Special Court on seventeen counts of war crimes and crimes against humanity; dies before trial” and “1998–2000: Systematic rape and sexual slavery in RUF-controlled areas”.
13 controversies · 12 sources1 conviction2 formal charges
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocities
Documented profile covering 13 controversies, including “1998–2002: Renewed war, forced displacement and further recruitment of children” and “1996–2000: Financing war through diamonds and systematic evasion of UN sanctions”.
13 controversies · 11 sources
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocities
Documented profile covering 13 controversies, including “2017: commemoration of his birth using Ustaše salute — organisers prosecuted” and “2000–2004: monument glorifying Francetić erected in Slunj, then removed by Croatian government”.
13 controversies · 5 sources1 conviction1 formal charge
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocitiesPolitics and government
Documented profile covering 13 controversies, including “1941–1944: Jewish forced-labour service and tens of thousands of deaths” and “January 1942: Novi Sad massacre by Hungarian forces; regime subsequently investigates and prosecutes officers”.
13 controversies · 11 sources
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocitiesPolitics and government
Documented profile covering 13 controversies, including “1990–1997: democratisation announced but transition blocked, competing governments and presidential power preserved” and “1991 and 1993: military mutinies, looting and violence within deliberately underfunded army system”.
13 controversies · 13 sources
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocities
Documented profile covering 13 controversies, including “1945: Trial for high treason and collaboration with enemy — death sentence, national degradation and commutation to life imprisonment” and “1940–1944: "National Revolution" — dismantling republican institutions, cult of leadership and authoritarian policies”.
13 controversies · 17 sources1 conviction1 formal charge
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocitiesPolitics and government
Documented profile covering 13 controversies, including “2008–2009: Marange — military operation in diamond fields, more than 200 deaths and forced labour” and “2008: campaign of violence after first-round defeat and presidential runoff without genuine competition”.
13 controversies · 12 sources
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocitiesPolitics and government
Documented profile covering 13 controversies, including “11–14 March 2006: Dies of natural causes in detention and trial closes without verdict” and “2004: Rule 98 bis decision — almost all counts maintained, but certain crime scenes removed; no finding of guilt”.
13 controversies · 10 sources1 formal charge
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocities
Documented profile covering 12 controversies, including “2004–2006: secret Riggs accounts — over $10 million, companies and identities used to conceal assets” and “2006: new indictments for torture, kidnappings and homicide — death before final judgment”.
12 controversies · 15 sources3 formal charges
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocitiesJustice, police and intelligence
Documented profile covering 12 controversies, including “1953: mass amnesty initiated by Beria, excluding most political prisoners serving long sentences” and “1953: dismantling of the “Doctors' Plot” and official acknowledgement that the case was fabricated”.
12 controversies · 9 sources1 conviction1 formal charge
Politics and governmentAuthoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocities
Documented profile covering 12 controversies, including “2009: Broadly worded counter-terrorism law used against journalists and opponents” and “2010–2012: Victory with 99.6% of seats, shrinking political space and convictions of journalists”.
12 controversies · 15 sources
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocitiesPolitics and government
Documented profile covering 12 controversies, including “October 1945: Death sentence and execution following a trial whose fairness remained disputed” and “January 1943: Legal establishment of the French Milice under the authority of the head of government”.
12 controversies · 11 sources1 conviction1 formal charge
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocitiesPolitics and government
Documented profile covering 12 controversies, including “1980–1990: Torture, disappearances, extrajudicial executions and imprisonment of opponents as recurring practices” and “1989–1990: Counter-insurgency in Nimba — civilian executions, village burnings, rape and looting”.
12 controversies · 7 sources
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocities
Documented profile covering 11 controversies, including “1953: attempted posthumous rehabilitation by Bavarian denazification tribunal, subsequently revoked” and “1946: convicted on all four counts at Nuremberg and executed”.
11 controversies · 3 sources1 conviction1 formal charge
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocities
Documented profile covering 11 controversies, including “1957–1959: seriously wounded in assassination attempt in Argentina, flees to Franco's Spain and dies of injuries” and “1945–1950s: flight from Yugoslavia via Austria and Italy, followed by refuge in Argentina”.
11 controversies · 7 sources2 convictions2 formal charges
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocitiesPolitics and government
Documented profile covering 11 controversies, including “1946–1948: Convicted by Tokyo Tribunal and executed, with major judicial dissents” and “1945: Suicide attempt during arrest by Allied forces”.
11 controversies · 6 sources1 conviction1 formal charge
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocitiesPolitics and government
Documented profile covering 11 controversies, including “February 2014: appellate court restores possibility of prosecution for crimes against humanity” and “October 2014: death before any final trial over regime's crimes”.
11 controversies · 9 sources1 formal charge
Authoritarian regimes, wars and mass atrocitiesPolitics and government
Documented profile covering 11 controversies, including “1957–1961: participation in “Anti-Party Group”, removal from leadership and expulsion from party” and “1947: return to leadership of party in Ukraine for renewed “pacification” campaign”.
11 controversies · 11 sources
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